Category: science kits

Sunday, 5 February 2012

09:06 – Costco run and dinner with Mary and Paul yesterday. I’d forgotten what a zoo Costco is on Saturdays. We usually go on Sundays, when it’s much less busy, but Paul and Mary are devoting today to Super Bowlish stuff.

Today we’ll assemble 11 more chemistry kits, which is all we have components for. I also need to put together purchase orders for more components, both for the chemistry kits and for the first 60 biology kits.

As we were riding to Costco yesterday, I was telling Paul about how I’d been screwed again by research. I was making up 0.5% aqueous eosin Y stain for the biology kits. I weighed out 5.00 g of eosin Y powder and dissolved it in about 900 mL of distilled water. The result was an intensely colored deep red solution, so dense that when I held it up to the fluorescent tube on the ceiling I couldn’t see light through the bottle. Alas, I’d been doing some research and came across a couple of papers from about 1924 that mentioned that making the stain 1% with respect to acetic acid made the resulting stain much more effective, staining cell components a much deeper red.

So I added 10 mL of glacial acetic acid, whereupon the contents of the flask turned a flocculent bright orange. Hmmm. I had to allow the contents of the flask to settle for several days to be certain, but it turns out that a significant amount of the eosin Y had precipitated as flakes. Crap. Just to be sure, I used a drop of that solution on a specimen. Rather than staining cell components a deeper red, it stained them a very, very pale orange.

My first inclination was to locate the grave site of that paper’s author, dig him up, and drive a stake through his heart. In all fairness, though, I’m willing to admit that he almost certainly merely reported what he observed. The eosin Y I bought in late 2011 may well have been very different from the stuff he bought under the name of eosin Y in 1924. Stains are notoriously variable in composition, even now. I think I’ll titrate some of my orange mess with sodium hydroxide. I’m betting that it’ll turn a nice intense red and the flakes will go back into solution as the pH increases.


13:00 – We just finished building 12 more chemistry kits, so we now have 13 in stock. Now I need to go through inventory and figure out what components I need to order for 60 more chemistry kits and 60 biology kits.

That takes care of discrete components, but the other issue I’ve done nothing about so far is raw materials inventory. That is, the kits, both chemistry and biology, contain numerous bottles of chemicals. Some of those are solids, which are easy to calculate. If a kit contains a 25 gram bottle of a particular solid chemical, I know that I need 1.5 kilograms of that chemical to build 60 kits. Allowing for some wastage, that means I need to have two kilograms or four pounds in stock, on order, or in combination.

Solutions are more complicated. For example, the biology kits will contain a 30 mL bottle of Benedict’s reagent. For 60 kits, I need 1,800 mL nominally, so I’d make up 2 liters. Two liters of Benedict’s solution requires 200 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate, 346 g of sodium citrate dihydrate, and 34.6 g of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, so that’s three separate raw materials to keep track of. And many of the chemicals used in various solutions are used in more than one of the solutions, so there’s not necessarily a one-to-one mapping between a kit solution and the chemicals that make it up.

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Saturday, 4 February 2012

10:55 – Barbara and I are doing inventory this morning. I really hate doing inventory. I prefer to use the OMGWO inventory method, but it does have the one obvious drawback. We can’t use typical inventory software, because it won’t accept reasonable things for “Quantity”, like “lots” or “too many”.

We just shipped what I thought was the next-to-last chemistry kit yesterday and the last kit this morning. Fortunately, I found one more completed kit. We haven’t finished doing inventory yet, but at the moment it looks like we have enough components to assemble 10 more kits, but that’s only because we’re currently showing only 10 test tube brushes in inventory. We may come across a case of those later, which’d mean we’d have enough components to build 11 kits (only 11 test tube clamps and 11 vials of pH test paper). And so on.

What we’ll do eventually is have one inventory bin for each item and maintain an accurate running inventory for each. But that’s a ways off. We do need to get it done, though, because we have biology kits and forensics kits in progress, and some items are common to all kits.

What worries me at the moment is that I’ve been talking to a woman who’s teaching chemistry at a private school and is likely to order several kits soon. I have no idea whether “several” means four or five kits or 15 or 20 kits. So we need to get a handle on inventory quickly as a first priority, generate POs for stuff we’re short of as the second first priority, and build more chemistry kits as the third first priority. Geez. I’m glad the biology book is off to production.


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Friday, 3 February 2012

11:12 – Colin promised yesterday that he wouldn’t do that any more. We’ll see. He was born on 12 February 2011, so in little more than a week he’ll have his first birthday. As an 11-month pup, I’m sure he’s looking forward to that, although I’ve explained to him that turning a year old entails new responsibilities, among them not shitting on the bathroom floor. Barbara says that on the 12th Colin will be an official dog. I’m thinking he’ll be a 12-month pup.


I’m doing my usual serve-and-volley with edits on the biology book. As usual, they’re pretty light. No one has flagged any errors yet, so it’s usually just incorporating suggestions, fixing typos, and so on. Meanwhile, I’ve started work on adapting the forensics lab book we completed three years ago to a kit-based version. I just sent my editor a revised proposal for it. If possible, I’d like to get the revisions complete by mid-May, which means if we move on this it may be an autumn title. One way or another, the forensics kits will be ready in time for autumn semester.

Speaking of kits, I just shipped the next-to-last chemistry kit we had in stock. Ordinarily, we don’t let stock get that low. We have a dozen more kits partially built, so we’ll probably finish those up this weekend. I need to do inventory anyway, so this’ll be an opportunity to get a count on all the components and figure out what to reorder, not just to build more chemistry kits but to build biology kits and a prototype forensics kit as well. After we get biology and forensics out of the way, I also want to do a second edition of the chemistry book, this one written around a kit. Two kits, actually. One for first-year only, and a second kit to supplement that for second-year. A lot of people use the chemistry book for home schooling, and with kits I can make it much more affordable for them to do so, which in turn should increase the number of people using the book for homeschooling.

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Wednesday, 1 February 2012

08:49 – Amazon has a bunch of free mystery and thriller ebooks today and tomorrow, if you like that kind of thing. Kindle Review has some picks.


I’ve gone through all the lab sessions to figure out what exactly needs to be in the biology kits. There are 72 items. Well, 72 categories, I suppose. Half a dozen test tubes count as one item, for example. Now I need to generate purchase orders for the components we buy and run labels for and make up the stuff we package ourselves.

I’m also going to spend some time over the next few days running through the manuscript for Illustrated Guide to Home Forensics Experiments with an eye to rewriting it around a kit and adding some lab sessions that weren’t in the original manuscript. There were several lab sessions I left out of the manuscript because it would be too difficult or too expensive for readers to get the necessary materials, but I can solve that problem with a kit.

For example, there are special cross-section slides available that are metal with tiny holes in them. The idea is that you slide a thin metal wire through one of the holes and use it to pull a clump of fibers back through the hole. You then use a scalpel to trim the fibers flush with the top and bottom of the slide, allowing you to view a cross section of the fibers by transmitted light. The problem is, those slides cost a buck or two each, and are sold only in boxes of 100.

Similarly, there are several solutions needed that require only, say, 1 gram of a particular chemical to make up 25 mL of solution. That chemical may be readily available, but only in a 25 gram bottle that costs $25 plus shipping. Since many chemicals are needed, the costs can add up fast, and each reader would end up with lots of unused chemicals. But packaged in a kit, that solution may cost only two or three bucks, counting labor costs, bottle, and so on. That’s why designing the book around a kit opens up so many more possibilities.

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Tuesday, 31 January 2012

08:22 – I just filed my North Carolina E-500 Sales Tax report. As always, I deeply resent being forced to function as an unpaid tax collector for the state of North Carolina. North Carolina already has self-reporting of use tax for out-of-state purchases. Why can’t it do the same for sales tax on in-state purchases? This shouldn’t be my problem.


I’m still going through the book session by session, listing what’s to be supplied with the biology kits. Once I get a final bill of materials, I can start generating POs for the components I need to order and then build a prototype kit to figure out what size box we’ll need, how the stuff will be packaged, and so on. Then we can get the first batch of 60 kits actually built.

Meanwhile, I’ll be juggling edits on the biology book with a re-write of the forensics book to make it kit-based.

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Monday, 30 January 2012

10:28 – The book is complete and off to the editors. For the next few weeks, I’ll be working with the editors and layout/design folks, answering queries, incorporating edits, and otherwise cleaning up before the book actually goes to print. I also have some book-related stuff to do. For example, we included a link to a biology landing page on thehomescientist.com website, which has to be created, along with all of the pages that it links to.

Starting today, I’m going through the manuscript. Each lab session has a list of items required, separated into groups of those included in the kit and those the reader supplies. I have to consolidate those lists so that I can come up with a final BoM for the kits. I’ll also consolidate the user-supplied item lists so that readers will have a single list of items they’ll need to acquire.

I’d thought about including a basic set of ten or so prepared slides as a standard part of the kits. I decided against that, mainly because some readers may already have prepared slide sets, and it makes no sense to duplicate. Instead, I’ll do what I originally planned, and make a core slide set an optional item, or indeed possibly a separate SKU. The slide set may or may not be available initially with the kits. Obviously, there are many sources for prepared slides.

The other reason I need to get the kit BoM finalized is so that I can do some price and cost calculations. At this point, I don’t have a firm idea how much the kits will cost to build or how much we’ll need to charge for them. My original goal was $175 or less with shipping but not including prepared slides, and I’d like to keep it to $160 or less if possible. There are many variables to consider, not least the physical size of the kit. If it’ll all fit into a USPS Priority Mail large flat-rate box, for example, I know my shipping costs will be about $15 per kit, regardless of weight or distance. If it won’t fit, I’ll have to buy regular boxes at maybe a buck or so each delivered and pay PM weight/distance rates, which’ll vary according to how much the kit ends up weighing and how far it’s going. In that case, assuming the kit weighs 10 pounds, my average shipping cost is going to be a good bit higher. I could use parcel post, which would cut the shipping cost significantly, but at the expense of typical 7 to 10 business day delivery time rather than the 1 to 3 days with PM. I suspect most kit buyers aren’t going to want to wait.


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Sunday, 29 January 2012

08:51 – We should finish the manuscript today, with two days to spare. Barbara is cleaning house this morning and then heading over to her parents’ house for lunch. We’ll shoot the final images this afternoon.

While I was doing laundry yesterday I had a few minutes to spare so I decided to make up the eosin Y stain for the biology kits. Eosin Y stain sold by most lab supply vendors can be anything from 0.2% to 1% eosin in either water or alcohol. Normally, the only other component is a preservative to prevent mold growth, usually a pinch of thymol or a few drops of chloroform per liter. But I’d been doing some research, and it seems that acidifying the stain with 1% or so acetic acid gives much better results.

So I dissolved 5 grams of eosin Y in nearly a liter of distilled water. It formed a very dark red solution that was so intensely-colored it was opaque even holding the bottle up to a strong light. I added 10 mL of glacial acetic acid and was surprised to see a distinct color change to almost orange. I’ll have to do a comparison test with the acidified eosin Y against neutral aqueous and alcoholic eosin Y before I use this for kits, but I suspect it’ll work very well.


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Saturday, 28 January 2012

10:41 – All of the chapters are complete and off to the editors except the Introduction, which is in progress now. This weekend, we need to shoot some images to replace placeholders in the text. We also need to build the gel electrophoresis apparatus and run a gel or two.

Monday, I start going through the manuscript chapters to build a list of what’s to be included in the biology kit, including amounts. Once I have that, I can start generating purchase orders for the materials and start actually making up chemicals, printing labels, filling and labeling bottles, and so on.

I’ve also decided to offer two options with the biology kit. First, a simple hand microtome. Second, a core set of maybe 20 to 25 prepared microscope slides. For those, I’ll focus on slides that are particularly important, hard to find elsewhere (particularly in standard sets), and difficult to prepare yourself (sections, special staining, and so on rather than simple whole mounts of common things). I’ll also focus on double- and triple-purpose slides. For example, a lot of slide sets include cross-sections of monocot and dicot roots, stems, and leaves, along with slides showing skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. That’s nine separate slides, but I can do the same thing with only four slides: monocot and dicot roots on one slide, monocot and dicot stems on one slide, monocot and dicot leaves on one slide, and three types of muscle on one slide. The individual combined slides are usually a bit more expensive than single-specimen slides, but nowhere near twice as much.

One of the wholesalers I’ll probably buy some of those slides from packages them in boxes of 50 of the same slide, so I’ll put 50 sets together initially. I have no idea what percentage of people who order the biology kit will want the optional prepared slides, but I suspect 50 slide sets will suffice for the first 60 kits, if not many more. Delivery time on the slides is typically 60 days ARO, so we may have some juggling to do. That delivery time means I also need to get the slides on order no later than mid-February if I want to have them available by mid- to late April.


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Friday, 27 January 2012

08:09 – I should finish the lab session on simulated DNA gel electrophoresis today and get it off to the reviewers. Finish in the sense of finish writing it. I haven’t actually done the lab session yet. I’ll do it this weekend, when we’ll also be shooting a lot of images for it and other lab sessions. That leaves only the introduction, which is in progress. It looks like we’re actually going to make the 31 January deadline.

Not that things settle down much after that. In addition to a flow of of queries and edits, I have to get the kit contents finalized and purchase orders cut for components. The biology book hits the bookstores in April, and by that time I want to have 60 finished biology kits in inventory and ready to ship, along with components in the pipeline for many more.

The next project is a complete re-write of the forensics lab book that we finished a couple of years ago but was never published. I want to rewrite that book around a custom kit, which will make it much more accessible to home schoolers and hobbyists. I’d like to have that book complete, at least in PDF form, and kits available in time for summer session, although realistically it’ll probably be in time for autumn semester.

Farther out, but still on the horizon, I’d like to do a second edition of Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments, this one kit-based. Two kits, actually. One for first-year labs (the current chemistry kit) and one for second-year.

It’s going to be a busy year.


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Sunday, 22 January 2012

11:39 – While she was watching basketball yesterday, Barbara finished packing and labeling 60 each of five groups of solids: amoxicillin capsules, ascorbic acid tablets, dextrose, lima bean seeds, and carrot seeds. She’ll finish up agar and Rhizobium innoculum today.

I took a break from writing to do some stuff in the lab. I wanted to have several solutions ready for packaging after deadline. Unfortunately, some stuff doesn’t go into solution very quickly. For example, even with constant agitation and warming, copper(II) sulfate takes a long time to dissolve. I make up one molar solutions of that for the chemistry kits, which is about 500 grams of the pentahydrate dissolved and made up to two liters of solution. I finally gave up trying to get the stuff to dissolve faster. Now, I just transfer 500 grams of the salt to a clean two-liter soft drink bottle, fill it up most of the way with distilled water, and just invert the bottle a few times any time I think about it. It takes several days to a week for the salt to dissolve completely.

Some stuff that goes into the biology kit worries me a bit in terms of dissolution speed. One of those is Sudan III stain. Some vendors sell what is supposedly a 1% solution of Sudan III in isopropanol. I’m not sure how they do that. The best figures I can find say that Sudan III is soluble only to about 0.2% in alcohol, and nearly insoluble in water. (That’s certainly true; adding a tiny amount of Sudan III powder to some water yields a barely pink solution with undissolved solid on the bottom of the container.)

Anyway, some of these vendors include images of the bottle, which makes it very clear that the concentration is nowhere near 1%. Here, for example, is the Home Science Tools page for Sudan III. The stuff is pinkish orange in this image. According to the MSDS, the solution is 1% Sudan III in 99% isopropanol. I don’t see how that’s possible. The best I can do is about 0.2% in 99% IPA.

And isopropanol isn’t the best choice of solvent for Sudan III. A better choice is 50% acetone, 35% IPA, and 15% water, by volume. Conveniently, that means a 1:1 mix of acetone to 70% IPA. So I just went down to the lab, measured 500 mL of acetone into a clean one-liter soda bottle, and added 2.0 grams of Sudan III powder. The solution was immediately intensely colored blood-red, and opaque even when I held the bottle up to the light. I made up the solution to one liter with 70% IPA, at which point it was still so intensely colored that it was opaque to direct light. And, not all of the Sudan III had dissolved, although I had to invert the bottle and look at the powder still in the bottom to see that dissolution was not complete. It’s possible the remainder will go into solution over time, but it doesn’t really matter to me. I’m labeling the Sudan III bottles in the kit as “saturated” rather than with a percentage. That means all I need to do is keep some Sudan III powder visible in the bottom of the stock bottle. When I need more stain solution, I can just add more 1:1 acetone:IPA to the bottle and make sure there’s still undissolved solid present.


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